Difference between revisions of "Strace: what a process does"

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= Understand strace's output =
 
= Understand strace's output =
 
Let's start with a real-world example: You want to [[troubleShoot sound]] on your computer. You know that speaker-test does some test noise. To find out what exactly happens, issue:
 
Let's start with a real-world example: You want to [[troubleShoot sound]] on your computer. You know that speaker-test does some test noise. To find out what exactly happens, issue:
−
  <abbr title="This is a prompt. The follow is a command you must enter.">#</abbr> strace <abbr title="String length should be 99 characters. It's no fun if the actual messages in strace's output are cut short.">-s 99</abbr> <abbr title="strace should follow sub-processes and show their behavior as well">-ff</abbr> speaker-test
+
  # strace -s 99 -ff speaker-test
 +
You will find a lot of lines like
  
−
You will find a lot of lines like
+
<pre>
−
<abbr title="Process id. You get this field because you started strace with -ff">[pid 15287]</abbr> <abbr title="Syscall. Find out more with the command man 2 write.">write(6, "W", 1)            = 1</abbr>
+
[pid 15287] write(6, "W", 1)            = 1
−
<abbr title="Process id. You get this field because you started strace with -ff">[pid 15287]</abbr> <abbr title="Syscall. Find out more with the command man 2 recvmsg.">recvmsg</abbr>(<abbr title="As we can tell from man 2 recv, the following is a file descriptor. Find out more with the command cat /proc/PID/fd/7">7</abbr>, {msg_name(0)=NULL, msg_iov(1)=[{"L\0\0\0\2L\0\0\2+U\0\0\0\0\0\31vqU\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0001TU \240\326\0\4\252\354TU \240\326\0\4\262%r\0\0\0\0\0\20\0\0r\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220R\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0R\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220", 83}], msg_controllen=24, {cmsg_len=24, cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET, cmsg_type=SCM_CREDENTIALS{pid=2289, uid=0, gid=0}}, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 83
+
[pid 15287] recvmsg(7, {msg_name(0)=NULL, msg_iov(1)=[{"L\0\0\0\2L\0\0\2+U\0\0\0\0\0\31vqU\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0001TU \240\326\0\4\252\354TU \240\326\0\4\262%r\0\0\0\0\0\20\0\0r\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220R\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0R\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220", 83}], msg_controllen=24, {cmsg_len=24, cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET, cmsg_type=SCM_CREDENTIALS{pid=2289, uid=0, gid=0}}, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 83
−
<abbr title="Process id. You get this field because you started strace with -ff">[pid 15287]</abbr> <abbr title="Syscall. Find out more with the command man 2 write.">write(6, "W", 1)            = 1</abbr>
+
[pid 15287] write(6, "W", 1)            = 1
 +
</pre>
  
 
'''Looks complicated, right?''' But fear not, every line follows the same pattern:
 
'''Looks complicated, right?''' But fear not, every line follows the same pattern:
−
[pid ''process id''] syscall(parameters) = return code
+
;[pid ''process id''] syscall(parameters) = return code
  
 
You will only find the first column with the '''process id''' if you use the -ff option (follow sub-processes). For the '''syscall''' (write or recvmsg in the above example) it is easy to obtain information - just type
 
You will only find the first column with the '''process id''' if you use the -ff option (follow sub-processes). For the '''syscall''' (write or recvmsg in the above example) it is easy to obtain information - just type
Line 27: Line 29:
  
 
'''So what happens here?''' Obviously speaker-test calls the kernel's ''recvmsg'' method. The interesting thing we get from <tt>man 2 recvmsg</tt> is that the first parameter is sockfd, the file descriptor of a socket. So it hands over a socket as a parameter. Let's look at process' file descriptors:
 
'''So what happens here?''' Obviously speaker-test calls the kernel's ''recvmsg'' method. The interesting thing we get from <tt>man 2 recvmsg</tt> is that the first parameter is sockfd, the file descriptor of a socket. So it hands over a socket as a parameter. Let's look at process' file descriptors:
−
<abbr title="This is a prompt. The follow is a command you must enter.">#</abbr> cd /proc/15287/fd
+
<pre>
 +
cd /proc/15287/fd
 
  ls -l
 
  ls -l
 
  total 0
 
  total 0
Line 38: Line 41:
 
  l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 6 -> pipe:[297488]  
 
  l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 6 -> pipe:[297488]  
 
  lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 7 -> socket:[297495]
 
  lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 7 -> socket:[297495]
 +
</pre>
  
 
aha! file descriptor 7 is the unix socket 297495. Let's look what this is connected to:
 
aha! file descriptor 7 is the unix socket 297495. Let's look what this is connected to:
  
−
<abbr title="This is a prompt. The follow is a command you must enter.">#</abbr> ss -p [[piping||]] [[grep]] 297495
+
<pre>
−
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0      /run/user/0/pulse/native '''297496'''               * '''297495''' users:(("'''pulseaudio'''",2289,28))
+
ss -p | grep 297495
−
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0                    * '''297495'''               * '''297496''' users:(("'''speaker-test'''",15286,7))
+
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0      /run/user/0/pulse/native 297496                * 297495  users:(("pulseaudio",2289,28))
 +
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0                    * 297495                * 297496  users:(("speaker-test",15286,7))
 +
</pre>
  
 
We see - the socket 297495 is connected to the socket 297496. What is written into 297495 will be readable from 297496 and the other way round. This couple of sockets connects the speaker-test process with the pulseaudio process. 2289 is pulseaudio's process id, and 15286 is the root process id of speaker-test. This system is using pulseaudio for sound which is an important information for troubleshooting sound. In my example I had been messing around with pulseaudio's configuration and I could fix the problem quickly once I understood I was using it.
 
We see - the socket 297495 is connected to the socket 297496. What is written into 297495 will be readable from 297496 and the other way round. This couple of sockets connects the speaker-test process with the pulseaudio process. 2289 is pulseaudio's process id, and 15286 is the root process id of speaker-test. This system is using pulseaudio for sound which is an important information for troubleshooting sound. In my example I had been messing around with pulseaudio's configuration and I could fix the problem quickly once I understood I was using it.
Line 49: Line 55:
 
= strace start options =
 
= strace start options =
 
You can start a new process with strace or you can attach strace to an already running process. To start a new process just put strace in front of its command:
 
You can start a new process with strace or you can attach strace to an already running process. To start a new process just put strace in front of its command:
−
  strace <abbr title="print the first 99 characters of every output string">-s 99</abbr> <abbr title="follow child processes">-ff</abbr> <abbr title="command that you want to execute and trace">ls</abbr>
+
  strace -s 99 -ff ls
 +
 
 
To attach strace to an already running process, in this example firefox, find out the process' id:
 
To attach strace to an already running process, in this example firefox, find out the process' id:
−
  # ps -A | grep firefox
+
  ps -A | grep firefox
 
  2728 pts/1    00:00:02 firefox
 
  2728 pts/1    00:00:02 firefox
 +
 
Then call strace with the id as parameter:
 
Then call strace with the id as parameter:
−
  strace <abbr title="print the first 99 characters of every output string">-s 99</abbr> <abbr title="follow child processes">-ff</abbr><abbr title="process id">p</abbr> 2728
+
  strace -s 99 -ff -p 2728
  
 
= limitations =
 
= limitations =
Line 75: Line 83:
 
== via sockets ==
 
== via sockets ==
 
For example when using strace to [[troubleshoot sound]] you may see that speaker-test receives messages from file descriptor 7:
 
For example when using strace to [[troubleshoot sound]] you may see that speaker-test receives messages from file descriptor 7:
−
  # strace -s 99 -ffp 32681
+
<pre>
 +
  strace -s 99 -ffp 32681
 
  [pid 32682] recvmsg(7, {msg_name(0)=NULL, msg_iov(1)=[{"L\0\0\0\2L\0\0\0}U\0\0\0\0\0\22\10\277U\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0001TU b|\0\17(\347TU b|\0\0175\342r\0\0\0\0\0\20\0\0r\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220R\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0R\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220", 83}], msg_controllen=24, {cmsg_len=24, cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET, cmsg_type=SCM_CREDENTIALS{pid=2289, uid=0, gid=0}}, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 83
 
  [pid 32682] recvmsg(7, {msg_name(0)=NULL, msg_iov(1)=[{"L\0\0\0\2L\0\0\0}U\0\0\0\0\0\22\10\277U\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0001TU b|\0\17(\347TU b|\0\0175\342r\0\0\0\0\0\20\0\0r\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220R\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0R\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220", 83}], msg_controllen=24, {cmsg_len=24, cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET, cmsg_type=SCM_CREDENTIALS{pid=2289, uid=0, gid=0}}, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 83
 +
</pre>
 
Now let's find out what file descriptor 7 of process 32681 is:
 
Now let's find out what file descriptor 7 of process 32681 is:
−
  # ll /proc/32681/fd/7
+
<pre>
 +
  ll /proc/32681/fd/7
 
  lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 18:17 /proc/32681/fd/7 -> socket:[198064]
 
  lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 18:17 /proc/32681/fd/7 -> socket:[198064]
 +
</pre>
 
So it is unix socket 198064. Let's find out what process it is:
 
So it is unix socket 198064. Let's find out what process it is:
 +
<pre>
 
  # ss -p | grep 198064
 
  # ss -p | grep 198064
 
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0                    * 198064                * 198065  users:(("speaker-test",32681,7))
 
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0                    * 198064                * 198065  users:(("speaker-test",32681,7))
 
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0      /run/user/0/pulse/native 198065                * 198064  users:(("pulseaudio",2289,28))
 
  u_str  ESTAB      0      0      /run/user/0/pulse/native 198065                * 198064  users:(("pulseaudio",2289,28))
 +
</pre>
  
 
== via pipes ==
 
== via pipes ==
 
Let's construct a situation where processes communicate via [[pipe]]s. The following [[command]] will create two processes, cat writing random data to a pipe and grep reading it:
 
Let's construct a situation where processes communicate via [[pipe]]s. The following [[command]] will create two processes, cat writing random data to a pipe and grep reading it:
−
  # cat /dev/urandom | grep "To be or not to be, that is the question"
+
  cat /dev/urandom | grep "To be or not to be, that is the question"
 +
 
 
Let's find the process IDs:
 
Let's find the process IDs:
−
  # ps -A | grep -E "cat|grep"
+
<pre>
 +
  ps -A | grep -E "cat|grep"
 
   8654 pts/1    00:10:30 cat
 
   8654 pts/1    00:10:30 cat
 
   8655 pts/1    00:00:04 grep
 
   8655 pts/1    00:00:04 grep
 
  10949 pts/2    00:00:00 grep
 
  10949 pts/2    00:00:00 grep
 +
</pre>
 
Let's look at cat's file descriptors:
 
Let's look at cat's file descriptors:
−
# cd /proc/8654/fd
+
<pre>
−
# ll
+
cd /proc/8654/fd
−
total 0
+
ll
−
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 0 -> /dev/pts/1
+
total 0
−
l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 1 -> pipe:[70679]
+
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 0 -> /dev/pts/1
−
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:39 2 -> /dev/pts/1
+
l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 1 -> pipe:[70679]
−
lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 3 -> /dev/urandom
+
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:39 2 -> /dev/pts/1
 +
lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 3 -> /dev/urandom
 +
</pre>
 
So cat is communicating with a pipe numbered 70679. Let's see if we can find the other process that is reading from it:
 
So cat is communicating with a pipe numbered 70679. Let's see if we can find the other process that is reading from it:
−
  # lsof | grep 70679
+
<pre>
 +
  lsof | grep 70679
 
  cat        8654            root    1w    FIFO        0,8      0t0      70679 pipe
 
  cat        8654            root    1w    FIFO        0,8      0t0      70679 pipe
 
  grep      8655            root    0r    FIFO        0,8      0t0      70679 pipe
 
  grep      8655            root    0r    FIFO        0,8      0t0      70679 pipe
 +
</pre>
 
Works. We can use the command [[lsof]] to find the processes involved into pipe communication.
 
Works. We can use the command [[lsof]] to find the processes involved into pipe communication.
  
Line 110: Line 131:
 
With strace, you can search for a special syscall. For example,
 
With strace, you can search for a special syscall. For example,
 
  strace -e open ''command''
 
  strace -e open ''command''
 +
 
will show you all files that have been touched (opened) by ''command''. This can be used e.g. to [[find out where configuration changes are stored]].
 
will show you all files that have been touched (opened) by ''command''. This can be used e.g. to [[find out where configuration changes are stored]].
  
 
= Performance analysis =
 
= Performance analysis =
 
With strace, you can find out the biggest time-consuming syscalls during a program run:
 
With strace, you can find out the biggest time-consuming syscalls during a program run:
 +
<pre>
 
  strace -c ls -R
 
  strace -c ls -R
 
  Entries  Repository  Root
 
  Entries  Repository  Root
Line 145: Line 168:
 
  ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
 
  ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
 
  100.00    0.614296                198036        19 total
 
  100.00    0.614296                198036        19 total
−
 
+
</pre>
 
Now you go
 
Now you go
 
  [http://linux.die.net/man/2/getdents64 man 2 getdents64]
 
  [http://linux.die.net/man/2/getdents64 man 2 getdents64]

Latest revision as of 08:20, 22 July 2023


strace is a command that shows a process' calls to the kernel (aka syscalls). This helps you to do excellent troubleshooting and gain good performance tuning insights.

strace cheat sheet

Understand strace's output

Let's start with a real-world example: You want to troubleShoot sound on your computer. You know that speaker-test does some test noise. To find out what exactly happens, issue: 

# strace -s 99 -ff speaker-test

You will find a lot of lines like 

[pid 15287] write(6, "W", 1)            = 1
[pid 15287] recvmsg(7, {msg_name(0)=NULL, msg_iov(1)=[{"L\0\0\0\2L\0\0\2+U\0\0\0\0\0\31vqU\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0001TU \240\326\0\4\252\354TU \240\326\0\4\262%r\0\0\0\0\0\20\0\0r\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220R\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0R\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220", 83}], msg_controllen=24, {cmsg_len=24, cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET, cmsg_type=SCM_CREDENTIALS{pid=2289, uid=0, gid=0}}, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 83
[pid 15287] write(6, "W", 1)            = 1

Looks complicated, right? But fear not, every line follows the same pattern:

[pid process id] syscall(parameters) = return code

You will only find the first column with the process id if you use the -ff option (follow sub-processes). For the syscall (write or recvmsg in the above example) it is easy to obtain information - just type 

man 2 syscall

in the above example 

man 2 write

and 

man 2 recvmsg

And you will find abundant information what the syscall does. If you understand 50% you are doing well :) The return code will also be documented in the syscall's man page.

So what happens here? Obviously speaker-test calls the kernel's recvmsg method. The interesting thing we get from man 2 recvmsg is that the first parameter is sockfd, the file descriptor of a socket. So it hands over a socket as a parameter. Let's look at process' file descriptors: 

 cd /proc/15287/fd
 ls -l
 total 0
 lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 0 -> /dev/pts/4
 lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 1 -> /dev/pts/4
 lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 2 -> /dev/pts/4
 lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 3 -> pipe:[297487]
 l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 4 -> pipe:[297487]
 lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 5 -> pipe:[297488]
 l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 6 -> pipe:[297488] 
 lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 22:55 7 -> socket:[297495]

aha! file descriptor 7 is the unix socket 297495. Let's look what this is connected to: 

 ss -p | grep 297495
 u_str  ESTAB      0      0      /run/user/0/pulse/native 297496                * 297495  users:(("pulseaudio",2289,28))
 u_str  ESTAB      0      0                    * 297495                * 297496  users:(("speaker-test",15286,7))

We see - the socket 297495 is connected to the socket 297496. What is written into 297495 will be readable from 297496 and the other way round. This couple of sockets connects the speaker-test process with the pulseaudio process. 2289 is pulseaudio's process id, and 15286 is the root process id of speaker-test. This system is using pulseaudio for sound which is an important information for troubleshooting sound. In my example I had been messing around with pulseaudio's configuration and I could fix the problem quickly once I understood I was using it.

strace start options

You can start a new process with strace or you can attach strace to an already running process. To start a new process just put strace in front of its command: 

strace -s 99 -ff ls

To attach strace to an already running process, in this example firefox, find out the process' id: 

ps -A | grep firefox
2728 pts/1    00:00:02 firefox

Then call strace with the id as parameter: 

strace -s 99 -ff -p 2728

limitations

strace will show you all syscalls from a process, and that's it. This also mean that if your process hangs in an endless loop that does not do any syscall, strace will not show anything.

Examples

interprocess communication

Processes will typically communicate:

  • via network
  • via sockets
  • via pipes
  • via shared memory
  • by writing into files

via sockets

For example when using strace to troubleshoot sound you may see that speaker-test receives messages from file descriptor 7: 

 strace -s 99 -ffp 32681
 [pid 32682] recvmsg(7, {msg_name(0)=NULL, msg_iov(1)=[{"L\0\0\0\2L\0\0\0}U\0\0\0\0\0\22\10\277U\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0001TU b|\0\17(\347TU b|\0\0175\342r\0\0\0\0\0\20\0\0r\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220R\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0R\0\0\0\0\0\2\260\220", 83}], msg_controllen=24, {cmsg_len=24, cmsg_level=SOL_SOCKET, cmsg_type=SCM_CREDENTIALS{pid=2289, uid=0, gid=0}}, msg_flags=0}, 0) = 83

Now let's find out what file descriptor 7 of process 32681 is: 

 ll /proc/32681/fd/7
 lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  4 18:17 /proc/32681/fd/7 -> socket:[198064]

So it is unix socket 198064. Let's find out what process it is: 

 # ss -p | grep 198064
 u_str  ESTAB      0      0                    * 198064                * 198065  users:(("speaker-test",32681,7))
 u_str  ESTAB      0      0      /run/user/0/pulse/native 198065                * 198064  users:(("pulseaudio",2289,28))

via pipes

Let's construct a situation where processes communicate via pipes. The following command will create two processes, cat writing random data to a pipe and grep reading it: 

cat /dev/urandom | grep "To be or not to be, that is the question"

Let's find the process IDs: 

 ps -A | grep -E "cat|grep"
  8654 pts/1    00:10:30 cat
  8655 pts/1    00:00:04 grep
 10949 pts/2    00:00:00 grep

Let's look at cat's file descriptors: 

cd /proc/8654/fd
ll
total 0
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 0 -> /dev/pts/1
l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 1 -> pipe:[70679]
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:39 2 -> /dev/pts/1
lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Apr  6 11:40 3 -> /dev/urandom

So cat is communicating with a pipe numbered 70679. Let's see if we can find the other process that is reading from it: 

 lsof | grep 70679
 cat        8654            root    1w     FIFO        0,8      0t0      70679 pipe
 grep       8655            root    0r     FIFO        0,8      0t0      70679 pipe

Works. We can use the command lsof to find the processes involved into pipe communication.

Search for a syscall

With strace, you can search for a special syscall. For example, 

strace -e open command

will show you all files that have been touched (opened) by command. This can be used e.g. to find out where configuration changes are stored.

Performance analysis

With strace, you can find out the biggest time-consuming syscalls during a program run: 

 strace -c ls -R
 Entries  Repository  Root
 % time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall
 ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
  67.09    0.412153          14     29664           getdents64
  27.70    0.170168          11     14849        14 open
   4.24    0.026043           0    123740           write
   0.72    0.004443           0     14837           close
   0.20    0.001204           0     14836           fstat
   0.05    0.000285         285         1           execve
   0.00    0.000000           0        12           read
   0.00    0.000000           0         4         3 stat
   0.00    0.000000           0        33           mmap
   0.00    0.000000           0        18           mprotect
   0.00    0.000000           0         4           munmap
   0.00    0.000000           0        12           brk
   0.00    0.000000           0         2           rt_sigaction
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           rt_sigprocmask
   0.00    0.000000           0         2           ioctl
   0.00    0.000000           0         1         1 access
   0.00    0.000000           0         3           mremap
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           fcntl
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           getrlimit
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           statfs
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           arch_prctl
   0.00    0.000000           0         3         1 futex
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_tid_address
   0.00    0.000000           0         8           fadvise64
   0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_robust_list
 ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
 100.00    0.614296                198036        19 total

Now you go 

man 2 getdents64

to find out what that syscall is about.

See also

Retrieved from "http://linuxintro.org/index.php?title=Strace:_what_a_process_does&oldid=19864"