Strace: what a process does

strace is a command to show what a command or process is doing.

Analyzing strace's output

Analyzing strace's output is tedious if you do not know how it goes. You must know that the first keyword in a line of output from strace is always a syscall like open or read. Then, in parantheses, the arguments follow, then the result. The meaning of the syscall and its parameters and results can be found with the command

man 2 syscall

output

Here is an example output from strace that we are going to analyze:

open("/lib64/libexpat.so.1", O_RDONLY)  = 6                                     
read(6, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0@>\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832                                                                           
fstat(6, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=170240, ...}) = 0                       
mmap(NULL, 2265264, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 6, 0) = 0x7f5d5ced6000 

analysis

The above example consists of 4 lines that can be analyzed like this:

open("/lib64/libexpat.so.1", O_RDONLY)  = 6                                                  

This first line performs the syscall open on the file /lib64/libexpat.so.1. The file shall be opened read-only (O_RDONLY). This call returns the file descriptor 6. /lib64/libexpat.so.1 is now file number 6. You can get this information from man 2 open.

read(6, "\177ELF\2\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0@>\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832                                                                           

The above line reads from the file number 6. The file content is character 177, then the string ELF, then character 2, 1, 1, 0 and so on.

fstat(6, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=170240, ...}) = 0    

Here, fstat tells that file number 6 (/lib64/libexpat.so.1) is a regular file.

mmap(NULL, 2265264, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 6, 0) = 0x7f5d5ced6000 

The above line performs the syscall mmap. See man 2 mmap about the parameters - if you do you will find out that the file with descriptor number 6 is mapped to memory at address 0x7f5d5ced6000.

Search for a syscall

With strace, you can search for a special syscall. For example,

strace -e open command

will show you all files that have been touched (opened) by command.

Performance analysis

With strace, you can find out the biggest time-consuming syscalls during a program run:

strace -c ls -R
Entries  Repository  Root
% time     seconds  usecs/call     calls    errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
 67.09    0.412153          14     29664           getdents64
 27.70    0.170168          11     14849        14 open
  4.24    0.026043           0    123740           write
  0.72    0.004443           0     14837           close
  0.20    0.001204           0     14836           fstat
  0.05    0.000285         285         1           execve
  0.00    0.000000           0        12           read
  0.00    0.000000           0         4         3 stat
  0.00    0.000000           0        33           mmap
  0.00    0.000000           0        18           mprotect
  0.00    0.000000           0         4           munmap
  0.00    0.000000           0        12           brk
  0.00    0.000000           0         2           rt_sigaction
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           rt_sigprocmask
  0.00    0.000000           0         2           ioctl
  0.00    0.000000           0         1         1 access
  0.00    0.000000           0         3           mremap
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           fcntl
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           getrlimit
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           statfs
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           arch_prctl
  0.00    0.000000           0         3         1 futex
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_tid_address
  0.00    0.000000           0         8           fadvise64
  0.00    0.000000           0         1           set_robust_list
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00    0.614296                198036        19 total

Now you go

man 2 getdents64

to find out what that syscall is about.

See also

• man strace
• xtrace
• ltrace